Titanium yog dav faib, nws cov ntsiab lus ntau tshaj 0.4 feem pua ntawm qhov loj ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust, thiab lub ntiaj teb no pov thawj reserves yog hais txog 3.4 billion tons, qeb duas 10 ntawm tag nrho cov khoom (oxygen, silicon, txhuas, hlau, calcium. , sodium, potassium, magnesium, hydrogen, titanium).
Cov kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas thawj zaug tau txais metallic titanium hauv xyoo 1910 siv "sodium method" (sodium txo ntawm TiCl4), tab sis kev lag luam titanium tsis tau txhim kho tam sim ntawd nrog kev tshawb pom ntawm titanium.
Nws tsis yog txog thaum xyoo 1948 tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II tias "txoj kev magnesium" (magnesium txo TiCl4) tsim los ntawm Luxembourg cov kws tshawb fawb tau siv rau kev tsim khoom hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab kev lag luam titanium pib tawm.
Titanium yog 40 feem pua tsawg dua cov hlau, thiab nws lub zog yog piv rau cov hlau, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, titanium muaj cov cua kub zoo, tiv thaiv corrosion, elasticity, elasticity thiab formability. Vim yog cov yam ntxwv saum toj no ntawm titanium, titanium alloys tau siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam aviation txij li qhov pom ntawm titanium alloys. Xyoo 1953, titanium tau siv thawj zaug ntawm DC-T lub cav hluav taws xob phab ntsa thiab nacelle uas tsim los ntawm Douglas Company ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, thiab keeb kwm ntawm titanium alloys siv hauv aviation pib.
Qhov chaw shuttle yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau siv dav hlau. Titanium yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb ntawm lub dav hlau, thiab nws kuj yog cov khoom siv rau cov khoom tseem ceeb xws li aero-engine kiv cua, compressor discs thiab hniav, thiab yog hu ua "qhov chaw hlau". Qhov ntau dua cov dav hlau yog, ntau titanium siv. Piv txwv li, titanium cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub thib plaub-tiam aircraft ntawm US F22 yog 41 feem pua (qhov loj feem), thiab cov ntsiab lus titanium ntawm lub cav F119 yog 39 feem pua, uas tam sim no lub dav hlau uas muaj cov ntsiab lus titanium siab tshaj plaws. Kev tshawb fawb titanium alloy pib hauv aviation, thiab kev txhim kho ntawm kev lag luam aviation kuj tau txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm titanium alloys. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm titanium alloys rau aviation yeej ib txwm yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab nquag ua haujlwm hauv thaj chaw ntawm titanium alloys, tab sis nws txoj kev loj hlob kuj tseem nyuaj heev.
Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, titanium alloys raug cais los ntawm kev xav ntawm alloy matrix theem muaj pes tsawg leeg. Siv lub dav hlau ua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub dav hlau, daim ntawv no tsom mus rau daim ntawv thov thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm titanium alloys hauv aero-engines, aircraft fuselage, thiab aviation fasteners. Thaum kawg, cov teeb meem uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm titanium alloys rau aviation yog soj ntsuam.
1 Kev faib tawm ntawm titanium alloys
Kev faib tawm ntawm titanium alloys hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Tebchaws Askiv, Russia, Fabkis, Nyiv thiab lwm lub tebchaws feem ntau yog txiav txim los ntawm cov tuam txhab, thiab muaj ntau lub npe. Qee lub tuam txhab ncaj qha siv cov cim tshuaj thiab cov lej ntawm cov ntsiab lus los hloov cov ntsiab lus alloying ntxiv thiab lawv cov ntsiab lus, xws li Ti-6Al-4V (sib npaug rau TC4 hauv kuv lub tebchaws). Raws li cov theem muaj pes tsawg leeg, titanium alloys tuaj yeem muab faib ua: -type titanium alloys nrog hexagonal close-packed qauv (HCP) (xws li nyob ze - - hom alloys) - uas yog, qib TA, thiab ob-theem sib xyaw ntxiv rau -type titanium alloys-uas yog, qib hauv tsev TC thiab Lub Cev-centered cubic (BCC) -type titanium alloys (xws li ze rau - - hom alloys) - uas yog, lub teb chaws hom yog TB.
1.1 - hom titanium alloy
Cov txheej txheem ib-theem kev daws teeb meem alloy nrog -titanium li matrix nyob rau hauv lub xeev annealed yog ib hom titanium alloy, uas feem ntau muaj cov ntsiab lus xws li Al thiab Sn. Al tuaj yeem ua kom lub zog tensile thiab creep lub zog ntawm cov hlau, txo qhov ntom ntawm titanium alloy, thiab txhim kho lub zog tshwj xeeb, thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov alloying hauv titanium alloy. Txhawm rau kom ua tiav cov kev daws teeb meem ntxiv dag zog ntawm aluminium thiab zam alloy embrittlement los ntawm ntau dhau Al, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kub kub titanium alloys yuav tsum ua raws li qhov sib npaug empirical formula uas tau hais los ntawm ROSENBERG. Zoo thermal stability. Cov ntsiab lus no nyob rau hauv alpha titanium alloys pab kom stabilize los ntawm inhibiting los yog nce lub transformation kub ntawm transformation kub. Piv nrog -type titanium alloys, -type alloys muaj kev nkag siab zoo, lub zog, weldability thiab toughness, thiab yog cov alloys nyiam siv rau qhov kub thiab txias. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, -type alloy tsis muaj txias brittleness, thiab nws kuj yog haum rau siv nyob rau hauv qis kub ib puag ncig, uas nthuav nws daim ntawv thov ntau yam. -type alloys tsis zoo forgeability thiab yog nquag forging defects. Forging qhov tsis xws luag tuaj yeem tswj tau los ntawm kev txo qhov kev ua haujlwm ib zaug thiab kev kho cua sov ntau zaus. Lub matrix yog ib theem ruaj khov, thiab rau ib qho kev sib xyaw alloy, qhov kev hloov pauv hauv nws cov khoom yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov nplej loj, vim tias ob qho tib si lub zog ntawm cov qoob loo thiab lub zog creep muaj feem xyuam rau cov nplej loj thiab lub zog khaws cia thaum lub sij hawm deformation. Lub zog ntawm -type titanium alloy tsis tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev kho cua sov, thiab lub zog muaj qhov pib tsis muaj lossis hloov me ntsis tom qab annealing. Qee cov alloys muaj ntau dua Al, Sn, Zr thiab ib qho me me ntawm -stabilizing cov ntsiab lus (feem ntau tsawg dua 2 feem pua). Txawm hais tias cov alloys muaj -phase, cov matrix yog tsim los ntawm -phase, uas yog ze heev rau -type alloys nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev kho cua sov rhiab heev thiab processability, thiab yog hu ua nyob ze - - hom titanium alloys. Nyob ze - - hom alloys tau tsim los ntawm kev lees paub tias lub zog nkag siab tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev ntxiv dag zog rau -matrix nrog cov khoom sib tov alloying cov ntsiab lus. Feem ntau nyob ze- - hom alloys tam sim no tau dhau los ua cov titanium kub kub vim lawv cov thermal stability zoo. yam tseem ceeb alloy. Nws cov txheej txheem ntxiv dag zog yog tias cov atoms nyob rau theem diffuse sai sai thiab nquag nkag mus.
Hom-type titanium alloys (nrog rau ze - - hom alloys) suav nrog Ti811 (Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V), Ti-6Al{{7 }}Zr-1Mo-1V, Ti-679 (Ti-2.25Al-11Sn-5Zr-1Mo{ {16}}.25Si), BT18 (Ti-7.7Al-11Zr-0.6Mo-1Nb-0.3Si) and Ti6242S (Ti{ {28}}Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si), thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom xyaw thiab cov khoom muaj npe nyob rau hauv Table 2.
1.2 ntxiv rau hom titanium alloy
Txhawm rau txhim kho lub zog thiab tawv ntawm titanium alloys, tib neeg tau tsim ntxiv rau titanium alloys. Piv nrog rau lwm cov titanium alloys, ntxiv rau alloys ntxiv nrog -stabilizing cov ntsiab lus thiab -stabilizing ntsiab kom ntxiv dag zog rau cov theem thiab theem. plus alloy muaj cov khoom zoo heev. Piv txwv li, nws chav tsev kub lub zog yog siab dua li ntawm alloy. Nws muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo thermal ua tau zoo thiab tuaj yeem ua kom muaj zog los ntawm kev kho cua sov, yog li nws tsim nyog rau cov khoom siv hauv aerospace. Cov qauv annealed ntawm ntxiv hom titanium alloy yog ntxiv rau theem, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm theem feem ntau yog 5 feem pua ~ 40 feem pua. Txawm li cas los xij, nws cov qauv tsis ruaj khov txaus, thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws kev khiav hauj lwm kub tsuas yog ncav cuag 500 degree, thiab nws cov vuam kev ua tau zoo thiab kub tsis kam yog qis dua li ntawm-type titanium alloy.
Ntxiv rau hom titanium alloys feem ntau suav nrog TC4 (Ti-6 Al - 4 V), TC 6 (Ti - 6 Al - 1.5 C r -2.5Mo{ {9}}.5Fe-0.3Si), TC11 (Ti- 6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si), TC17 ( Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr), TC19 (Ti-6Al-2Sn{{ 31}}Zr-6Mo) and TC21 (Ti-6.2Al-2.8Mo) -2Nb-2Sn-2.1Zr{ {42}}.3Cr) thiab lwm yam. Ntawm lawv, TC11 alloy tseem hu ua ze-beta alloy.
ZHOU tau npaj cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm ntawm TC11 alloy. Ua ntej, cov hlau yog cov cua sov kho ntawm 15 degree hauv qab qhov kub-hloov pauv, ua raws li cov dej txias sai, thiab tom qab ntawd ua rau kub thiab kub tsis tshua muaj kub thiab ntxiv dag zog rau kev kho cua sov kom tau txais cov txheej txheem tshiab. Qhov tshiab microstructure matrix no muaj 15 feem pua equiaxed nplej, 50 feem pua mus rau 60 feem pua pob nplej thiab cov nplej hloov pauv. Cov txiaj ntsig kev tshawb fawb pom tau hais tias cov alloy muaj qhov ua rau qaug zog ua haujlwm, lub neej ntev creep fatigue, siab toughness thiab zoo heev kub kev pab cuam kev ua tau zoo yam tsis txo plasticity thiab thermal stability.
Thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sim ntawm cov txheej txheem tshiab thiab toughening mechanism yog tham txog. Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv kev siv tswv yim ntawm kev siv tshuab ua haujlwm no yog kev tswj xyuas qhov kub thiab txias.
Qhov TC11 titanium alloy machining txheej txheem no tau siv los tsim kev txhim khu kev qha aero-engine compressor discs, rotors thiab lwm yam khoom.
1.3 - hom titanium alloy
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm -stabilizing cov ntsiab lus siab txaus, thiab cov hlau tau los ntawm kev ua kom txias sai sai -theem tom qab kev daws teeb meem thiab khaws cia rau hauv chav sov yog hu ua -type titanium alloy. Raws li kev faib tawm ntawm lub xeev ruaj khov microstructure, titanium alloys tuaj yeem muab faib ua titanium alloys ruaj khov thiab metastable titanium alloys, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 1. Nyob rau hauv daim duab 1, MS yog cov martensitic transformation kub kab, C yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus cov ntsiab lus ntawm -stable ntsiab. nyob rau hauv metastable alloys, thiab S yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus cov ntsiab lus ntawm -stable hais nyob rau hauv ruaj khov alloys.
Beta alloys muaj qhov zoo txias formability nyob rau hauv lub xeev daws teeb meem, thiab kuj zoo heev nyob rau hauv hardenability thiab tshav kub kev teb.
Txoj kev kho cua sov feem ntau yog thawj zaug kev kho mob, thiab tom qab ntawd kev laus ntawm 450 ~ 650 degree, theem zoo yuav raug precipitated ntawm thawj matrix ntawm cov hlau, tsim ib theem thib ob nrog kev faib tawm, uas yog lub zog ntawm cov hlau alloy. Piv nrog rau lwm hom titanium alloys, -titanium alloy precipitates ntau theem thaum laus, thiab muaj ntau dua - theem cuam tshuam los cuam tshuam kev txav ntawm dislocations, yog li chav tsev kub lub zog ntawm -titanium alloy yog siab tshaj.
Lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom siv hlau kom nqus tau lub zog thaum lub sijhawm deformation thiab tawg yog hu ua toughness. Lub zog ntau ntawm cov khoom absorbs, qhov zoo dua qhov toughness. Fracture toughness yog ib qho qhia txog qhov toughness ntawm cov khoom, qhia txog qhov tsis kam ntawm cov khoom mus rau kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov kab nrib pleb thiab lwm yam tsis xws luag. Feem ntau hais lus, pob txha toughness thiab lub zog ntawm titanium alloys qhia ib qho kev sib hloov, uas yog, pob txha toughness txo qis thaum lub zog nce. Txhawm rau kawm txog daim ntawv thov ntawm -titanium alloys hauv kev lag luam aerospace, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tsim microstructures nrog lub zog zoo thiab tawg toughness, nrog rau kev siv tshuab thiab kev kho cua sov. Alloy muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab microstructure yog ob lub ntsiab tseem ceeb uas txiav txim siab tawg toughness ntawm beta titanium alloys. Lub alloy muaj pes tsawg leeg txiav txim siab npaum li cas ntawm beta theem nyob rau hauv lub alloy, raws li zoo raws li hom thiab puas toughness ntawm lub alloy. Lub morphology, kom muaj nuj nqis thiab ntim ntawm microstructure kuj cuam tshuam rau qhov tawg toughness ntawm cov hlau. Fu Yanyan thiab lwm tus ntseeg hais tias -stabilizing lub caij thiab cov khoom nruab nrab Zr ntawm -titanium alloy tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov hlau thiab txo cov pob txha toughness. Cov nplej nplua nuj tsis tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov laus titanium alloys, thiab yuav txo cov pob txha toughness ntawm Ti-15-3 alloys, tab sis tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau cov pob txha toughness ntawm -C thiab Ti-1023 alloys.
Lub zog ntawm kev laus-titanium alloy feem ntau yog nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab qhov loj ntawm theem nrab precipitated los ntawm kev laus. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm muaj tib theem thawj, lub zoo theem nrab theem yuav ho txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov alloy.
Lub coarsening ntawm thawj theem thiab kev hloov ntawm thawj theem ntawm kheej kheej mus rau flaky yuav ua rau kom txo qis hauv ductility thiab nce hauv pob txha toughness ntawm -titanium alloys. Cov qauv dual-hom ntawm -titanium alloy muaj qhov zoo sib xws ntawm lub zog, ductility thiab toughness.
Qhov laj thawj yog vim li cas -titanium alloy yog dav siv kuj yog vim nws muaj qhov zoo ntawm lub zog siab thiab siab plasticity uas lwm hom titanium alloys tsis tuaj yeem sib tw tom qab kev laus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev kho cua sov-kho kom muaj zog thiab sib sib zog nqus muaj peev xwm ntawm titanium alloy ua rau nws maj mam hloov ntxiv rau ob-theem titanium alloy raws li cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws rau lub dav hlau fuselage thiab tis, thiab nws plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam. aerospace kev lag luam. lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb zuj zus.
2 Kev txhim kho thiab kev siv cov titanium alloys rau aviation
Hauv xyoo 1950, cov tub rog dav hlau nkag mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm supersonic ceev, thiab cov qauv txhuas thiab cov hlau tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau tshiab. Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas titanium alloys nkag mus rau theem ntawm kev tsim kho kev lag luam. Titanium alloys muaj cov khoom zoo xws li tsis tshua muaj siab, muaj zog tshwj xeeb, tiv thaiv corrosion, kub tsis kam, tsis muaj hlau nplaum, weldable, kev khiav hauj lwm kub ntau yam (269 ~ 600 degree), thiab tuaj yeem siv rau ntau yam kev tsim, vuam thiab machining. . Aeronautics sai sai tau siv dav. Thaum ntxov xyoo 1950, cov tub rog dav hlau pib siv cov titanium ntshiab titanium los tsim cov khoom siv nrog cov kev ntxhov siab tsawg xws li cov ntaub thaiv npog, cov hlua khi, thiab cov brakes ntawm lub rear fuselage. Nyob rau xyoo 1960, titanium alloys tau siv ntxiv rau cov qauv kev ntxhov siab loj xws li lub dav hlau flap zawv zawg, load-bearing bulkheads, mid-tis box beams, thiab landing gear beams. Los ntawm xyoo 1970, kev siv cov titanium alloys hauv cov qauv dav hlau tau nthuav dav los ntawm cov dav hlau dav hlau mus rau cov tub rog loj thiab cov dav hlau thauj khoom, thiab ntau cov qauv titanium alloy kuj tau siv hauv cov dav hlau dav hlau.
Tom qab nkag mus rau xyoo 1980s, titanium siv nyob rau hauv civil aircraft tau maj mam nce, thiab tau tshaj cov titanium siv nyob rau hauv tub rog aircraft. Qhov ntau dua cov dav hlau, ntau titanium siv. Cov lus 3 thiab 5 teev cov feem loj ntawm titanium cov ntaub ntawv siv nyob rau hauv peb- thiab thib plaub-tiam fighters thiab siab heev bombers thiab thauj aircraft nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, hom titanium alloys siv nyob rau hauv dav dav dav hlau, thiab tus nqi ntawm titanium alloys thiab cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw siv hauv Airbus aircraft. Nws tuaj yeem pom los ntawm Table 5 tias kev siv titanium ntawm Airbus A380 lub dav hlau tau mus txog 10 feem pua, thiab titanium tau dhau los ua cov khoom siv tsis tseem ceeb rau cov dav hlau niaj hnub no. Raws li kev siv sib txawv, titanium alloys rau aviation tuaj yeem muab faib ua titanium alloys rau aircraft xyaw, titanium alloys rau aircraft fuselage thiab titanium alloys rau aviation fasteners. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, tib neeg tau ua qhov kev tshawb fawb tob txog kev siv aviation titanium alloys hauv peb yam saum toj no.
Piv txwv li, titanium alloy muaj qhov sib piv loj-rau-qhov hnyav, siab toughness, zoo zog thiab weldability, thiab yog cov khoom siv dav hlau nrog cov khoom zoo heev. Nyob rau hauv ob peb lub xyoo dhau los, txoj kev xav alloying, kev ntxiv dag zog thiab toughening thev naus laus zis thiab cov txheej txheem kev kho cua sov ntawm titanium alloys rau aviation tau tsim zoo heev. Tam sim no, kev tshawb fawb ntawm titanium alloys feem ntau tsom rau thermal stability ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, creep kuj thiab qis-nqi titanium alloy tsim thiab tsim cov txheej txheem. Nrog rau kev tshawb fawb tob zuj zus, kev ua tiav thev naus laus zis ntawm kev ua haujlwm qis ntawm titanium alloys yuav raug tsav los ntawm high-end aviation daim ntawv thov, yog li hauv paus tawg los ntawm tus nqi bottleneck txwv qhov kev txhim kho ntawm ntau npaum li cas thiab daim ntawv thov qib ntawm titanium alloys rau aviation. Ib lub dav hlau titanium tag nrho yuav dhau los ua qhov tseeb nyob rau yav tom ntej tsis deb dhau.
Tiv tauj peb kom paub ntau ntxiv. Ua tsaug
Nicole
Lub tuam txhab: Baoji Jimiyun Dynamic Co., Ltd
Tebchaws: Suav teb
Ntxiv: Baoti txoj kev, Jintai, Baoji nroog, Shaanxi, Suav teb
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Gmail:nicole@jmyunti.com
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