Electrolysis dej los tsim H2 thiab O2
Titanium anodes, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv electrolytic hydrogen thiab oxygen, muaj qhov ruaj khov zoo, yog ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg thiab tsis muaj kev ua qias tuaj, tsis tshua muaj peev xwm, muaj zog txuag hluav taws xob, thiab txuag tau 15-20% ntawm lub zog. Muaj cov phaj, mesh, cov duab tube, thiab qhov tshwj xeeb-puab qhov.
1. Kev tshawb fawb kev nce qib ntawm hydrogen ntau lawm los ntawm electrolysis ntawm dej Hydrogen ntau lawm los ntawm electrolysis ntawm dej yog ib qho tseem ceeb txhais tau tias kom ua tiav kev lag luam thiab cov nqi qis ntawm H2, thiab tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom nrog purity ntawm 99% mus rau 99.9%. Txhua xyoo, kuv lub teb chaws kev siv hluav taws xob rau kev tsim cov hydrogen los ntawm electrolysis ntawm dej nce mus txog ntau dua (1.5 × 107) kW·h. Thaum tam sim no hla ntawm cov electrodes, hydrogen yog tsim nyob rau hauv cathode, oxygen yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub anode, thiab dej yog electrolyzed [2]. Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv dej electrolysis hydrogen yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog tus yuam sij rau electrolytic cell. Qhov zoo ntawm electrode kev ua tau zoo feem ntau txiav txim siab qhov hluav taws xob ntawm tes thiab lub zog siv dej electrolysis, thiab cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau tus nqi. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev muab hluav taws xob los ua kom cov dej los tsim cov hydrogen feem ntau yog 75% txog 85%. Cov txheej txheem yog yooj yim thiab tsis muaj kuab paug, tab sis lub zog noj yog loj, yog li nws daim ntawv thov yuav raug rau tej yam kev txwv. Lub electrolysis ntawm dej yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug electrolytic cell, uas yog sau nrog electrolyte thiab muab faib mus rau hauv ib tug anode chamber thiab cathode chamber los ntawm ib tug diaphragm. Cov electrodes tau muab tso rau hauv txhua chav. Txij li cov dej muaj cov conductivity tsawg heev, ib qho kev daws teeb meem aqueous (concentration ntawm li 15%) nrog electrolyte yog siv. Thaum tam sim no hla ntawm cov electrodes ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob, hydrogen yog tsim los ntawm cathode thiab oxygen yog tsim ntawm lub anode, yog li ua tiav dej electrolysis. Txoj kev xav, platinum hlau yog cov hlau zoo tshaj plaws rau dej electrolysis electrodes, tab sis hauv kev xyaum, nickel-plated hlau electrodes feem ntau siv los txo cov khoom siv thiab cov nqi tsim khoom. Thaum dej electrolyzed, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrode yog raws li hauv qab no [3]. Hauv cov kua qaub acidic, cathode cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: 4H++4e=2H2∏=0V Anode cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: 2H2O =4H++O2+4e∏ =1.23V Hauv cov tshuaj alkaline, cathode cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: 4H2O +4e=2H2+4OH∏=-0.828V Anode cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: 4OH-=2 H2O+O2+4e∏=0.401V Raws li tau pom los ntawm cov qauv saum toj no, tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv dej electrolysis yog raws li hauv qab no, txawm nyob rau hauv acidic los yog alkaline kua. 2H2O=2H2+O2 Qhov theoretical decomposition voltage ntawm dej tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog tus nqi pH, yog li cov kua qaub lossis alkaline tuaj yeem siv los ua electrolytes. Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm kev xav ntawm electrolytic cell qauv thiab xaiv cov khoom siv, kev siv cov tshuaj acidic yog qhov ua rau muaj ntau yam txhaum. Yog li ntawd, alkaline daws tau tam sim no siv hauv kev lag luam.
(1) Ib txwm siv tshuab alkaline electrolysis Alkaline dej electrolysis tam sim no yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws rau kev npaj hydrogen. Txoj kev no tsis tas yuav tsum muaj cov cuab yeej siv siab, thiab kev nqis peev feem ntau yog tsom rau cov khoom siv; cov hydrogen uas ua los ntawm high purity, tab sis cov efficiency tsis siab heev. Cov txheej txheem kuj yog ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg thiab tsis muaj kuab paug, tab sis nws siv hluav taws xob ntau thiab yog li ntawd muaj qee qhov kev txwv. Lub siab ntawm dej electrolysis nyob rau hauv kev lag luam feem ntau yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1.65 thiab 2.2 V. Lub neej kev pab cuam ntawm cov khoom siv electrode thiab lub zog siv dej electrolysis yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev ntsuam xyuas qhov zoo ntawm alkaline dej electrolysis electrode cov ntaub ntawv. Thaum qhov ceev tam sim no tsis loj, qhov tseem ceeb cuam tshuam yog qhov overpotential; Thaum qhov ceev tam sim no nce, qhov overpotential thiab tsis kam voltage poob yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Hauv kev siv tswv yim, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yuav tsum muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no [3]: (1) thaj chaw siab; (2) siab conductivity; (3) zoo electrocatalytic kev ua si; (4) lub sij hawm ntev mechanical thiab tshuaj stability; (5) me me nag lossis daus; (6) siab selectivity; (7) yooj yim kom tau txais thiab tus nqi qis; (8) kev nyab xeeb. Dej electrolysis feem ntau yuav tsum muaj qhov loj dua tam sim no (ntau dua 4000 A / m2), yog li cov ntsiab lus 2 thiab 4 tseem ceeb dua. Vim tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab tuaj yeem txo lub zog poob los ntawm ohmic polarization, kev ruaj ntseg siab ua kom lub neej ntev ntawm cov khoom siv electrode. 1 thiab 3 yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom txo tau qhov overpotential ntawm hydrogen thiab oxygen evolution, thiab tseem yog cov cim tseem ceeb rau kev ntsuam xyuas electrode kev ua tau zoo.
(2) Cov khoom siv polymer electrolyte SPE dej electrolysis tshuab Txij li cov electrolyzer nrog kua li electrolyte muaj kev ua haujlwm qis, tsis yooj yim txav, thiab feem ntau yuav tsum tau saib xyuas, tib neeg nquag nrhiav cov electrolytes tshiab, uas tau ua rau kev txhim kho thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom polymer. electrolyte (SPE), tseem hu ua proton exchange membrane (PEM). Tam sim no, cov electrolyzer siv cov khoom Nafion perfluorosulfonic acid membrane ua electrolyte. Cov electrode siv cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig lossis lawv cov oxides nrog kev ua haujlwm siab catalytic, uas yog tsim los rau hauv cov hmoov nplej nrog thaj chaw loj tshwj xeeb, thiab tau sib koom ua ke thiab nias rau ntawm ob sab ntawm Nafion membrane siv Teflon los tsim kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm daim nyias nyias thiab electrode.
(3) High-temperature steam electrolysis process Lwm txoj kev tsim hydrogen los ntawm dej electrolysis yog high-temperature steam electrolysis. Qhov no yog ib txoj kev muab tau los ntawm cov khoom siv roj oxide. Lub tshuab electrolysis feem ntau siv Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 ua cov electrolyte. Qhov siab dua qhov kub, qhov ua haujlwm qis dua. Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, qhov ntsuas kub siab tshaj yog 1000 degree. Feem ntau, lub cev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm npib tsib xee thiab ceramic yog siv los ua cov cathode, thiab cov khoom siv calcium titanium composite oxide yog siv los ua cov anode.
2. Kev tsim kho cov khoom siv roj ntsha hydrogen Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv cov kab mob me me los tsim cov hydrogen tau kawm ntau xyoo lawm. Hauv xyoo 1930, thawj daim ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm cov kab mob tsaus nti fermentation los tsim hydrogen tau tshaj tawm. Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1942, Gaffron thiab Rubin tau tshaj tawm tias ntsuab algae siv lub teeb lub zog los tsim hydrogen, thiab xyoo 1949, Gest thiab Kamen nrhiav pom cov kab mob phototrophic hydrogen. Spruit tau lees paub xyoo 1958 tias algae tuaj yeem tsim hydrogen los ntawm kev ncaj qha photolysis yam tsis tas yuav kho cov pa roj carbon dioxide. Healy (1970) txoj kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias thaum lub teeb siv ntau dhau, cov txheej txheem hydrogen ntau lawm ntawm Chlamydomonas moewsuii yuav raug cuam tshuam vim kev tsim cov pa. Thaum lub sijhawm muaj teebmeem hluav taws xob hauv xyoo 1970, ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau ua tiav ntawm biohydrogen ntau lawm thoob ntiaj teb. Thauer tau taw qhia hauv xyoo 1976 tias kev fermentation tsaus yog qhov nyuaj rau kev siv cov khoom siv tiag tiag vim tias nws tsuas yog tsim tau 4 mol ntawm hydrogen thiab 2 mol ntawm acetic acid los ntawm 1 mol ntawm qabzib feem ntau. Cov kab mob phototrophic tuaj yeem hloov pauv cov substrates xws li cov organic acids rau hauv hydrogen, yog li txij li ntawd los, kev tshawb fawb ntawm biohydrogen ntau lawm tau tsom mus rau photofermentation. Thaum xyoo 1980s, kev txhawb nqa rau lub zog tauj dua tshiab hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txhim kho (R&D) thoob ntiaj teb maj mam txo qis. Los ntawm thaum ntxov 1990s, teeb meem ib puag ncig tau nce zuj zus, thiab tib neeg txoj kev xav tau tsom mus rau lwm lub zog. Nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm biohydrogen ntau lawm R & D nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, Nyiv, thiab lub tebchaws United States, lub teb ntawm algae siv lub teeb lub zog los tsim hydrogen los ntawm dej tau dav kawm. Txawm li cas los xij, tag nrho lub hnub ci zog hloov dua siab tshiab hauv cov txheej txheem no tseem tsawg heev. Ntawm qhov tod tes, tsaus fermentation thiab cov kab mob phototrophic tuaj yeem tsim cov hydrogen los ntawm cov nqi qis qis lossis cov khoom pov tseg. Txij li thaum nws tuaj yeem tsim lub zog huv thiab kho cov khoom pov tseg, tsoomfwv Meskas thiab Nyij Pooj tau txhawb nqa ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb mus sij hawm ntev. Nws cia siab tias kev siv cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob biohydrogen ntau lawm yuav ua tiav nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st. Nws tau ntau tshaj li ib nrab xyoo pua txij li kev tshawb pom ntawm microbial hydrogen ntau lawm, tab sis biohydrogen ntau lawm tsis tau siv rau hauv kev xyaum. Ntau yam teeb meem kev lag luam, xws li kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas cov kab mob, kev tsim cov reactors, thiab kev ua kom zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm, tseem yuav daws tau, thiab tus nqi ntawm cov cuab yeej no kuj tau txais kev saib xyuas. Kev lag luam hais lus, biohydrogen ntau lawm technology tsis tuaj yeem sib tw nrog cov tshuaj siv tshuaj hydrogen ntau lawm yav tom ntej. Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm kev xav ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, kev cia siab rau biohydrogen ntau lawm yuav dav heev. Biohydrogen ntau lawm suav nrog: photosynthetic biohydrogen ntau lawm system (tseem hu ua ncaj qha biophotolysis hydrogen ntau lawm system); photolysis biohydrogen ntau lawm system (tseem hu ua indirect biophotolysis hydrogen ntau lawm system); photosynthetic heterotrophic kab mob dej roj hloov pauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hydrogen ntau lawm; photofermentation biohydrogen ntau lawm system; anaerobic fermentation biohydrogen ntau lawm system (tseem hu ua tsaus fermentation biohydrogen ntau lawm system); photosynthesis-fermentation hybrid biohydrogen ntau lawm system; nyob rau hauv vitro hydrogenase biohydrogen ntau lawm system, thiab lwm yam. Hydrogen zog yog ib tug huv thiab siab calorific nqi zog qhov chaw. Kev siv cov dej txuas ntxiv dua tshiab hauv qhov xwm txheej los tsim cov hydrogen yog qhov tsis xav tau txoj kev nyiam rau noob neej yav tom ntej.
Tom qab ntau tshaj li ib nrab xyoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb, txawm hais tias cov dej electrolysis hydrogen ntau lawm thiab bio-hydrogen ntau lawm technology tau ua tau zoo, lawv tseem yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob theem thiab tseem tsis tau muab tso rau hauv lub tswv yim siv. Ntau yam kev txwv xws li kev siv hluav taws xob qis hnub ci, kev siv hluav taws xob siab ntawm cov dej electrolysis hydrogen ntau lawm, cov khoom lag luam inhibition, kev ua haujlwm, thiab lwm yam ua rau hydrogen ntau lawm ntawm cov tshuab hydrogen uas twb muaj lawm tsis siab txaus los yog tsis yig, thiab ntau lwm yam kev xav tau. yuav tsum tawg mus ntxiv. Txhawm rau txo cov nqi tsim khoom ntxiv thiab nthuav dav kev tsim khoom, peb yuav npaj rau kev lag luam yav tom ntej.
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